Symbolic & Rule-Based Era
"Language as Formal Logic"
Statistical Revolution
"Language as Probability Distribution"
Machine Learning & Structured Prediction
"Feature Engineering & Discriminative Training"
Deep Learning & Distributed Representations
"End-to-End Representation Learning"
Pretrained Transformers & Scale
"Transfer Learning & Emergent Capabilities"
Agentic AI & Multimodal Systems
"Reasoning, Tools, and Autonomous Action"